pumps

=PUMPS!=

In order to understand how large, steam-powered water pumps at the Waterworks work, we need to look at the basics of pumping water.

Water
First, let's review information about water:

Water - -What is it?
First, what do we know about water?

Water is a substance [??] found naturally on our planet Earth. It is usually liquid, but it can become either gas (water vapor) or a solid (ice). In its pure liquid state, water is tasteless, odorless, and colorless.

Water is composed on H20 molecules from some of the most basic molecules on Earth.These molecules have some nifty properties...

Because there is "space" around these molecules, water can be compressed, up to a point. This means water is a //fluid//. (When water is a liquid or a gas, it is a fluid. When it is frozen, it is a solid. Solids don't compress; they break.)

In its fluid state, water can be made to do some pretty awesome things -- like move from one place to another!

Water -- Where does it come from?
Water is part of the Earth. In fact, much of the Earth's surface is covered in water.... Unfortunately, most of that water is salt water. Humans cannot drink salt water daily and be healthy.

Fresh water is found in lakes, stream, ponds, rivers, and in rain. The **water cycle** explains how water travels between earth and sky.

Water can be held in reservoirs and cisterns (and rain barrels). It can be transported through aqueducts, canals, and pipes.

Sometimes people have to travel to the water themselves and then carry the water to where they need it.

Water -- Why do we need it?
Water is important for life. Plants, animals, and people need water to live.

Water helps people do a number of things. Bathing, washing, putting out fires, and powering engines are some examples of how water has been used.

How do we get water to where we need it?
Sometimes water will travel on its own, as in a river which flows from one place to another.

In other places, water rests on the surface of the ground. Think about lakes and rain puddles. Sometimes these dry up....

In still other places, water is not on the surface, but is deep in the ground. Or it is far, far away....

Humans have built a variety of devices and machines to help them get water to where they need it.

These inventions are pumps, siphons, aqueducts [???]

Water can be moved by hand
You could put water in your mouth or cup your hands and carry water that way.... How much, and how often, can you carry water that way?

Find a gallon jug of water (or have an adult fill one for you). Can you pick it up? How much does it weigh? A gallon of water weighs 8.35 lb (about 3.79 kg). How much do you weigh? Can you lift your weight in water?

[math computation skills] [see Ask Dr. Math http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/56355.html ]

Lift and carry that gallon water jug around the room (if you can!).

How often in a day could you do that?

People need about XXX gallons of water a day in order to stay healthy. Could you carry that much around?

[In some parts of the world today, people have to go outside where they live in order to get water. Sometimes there is a place (a pump or a well) where people gather to get water to carry home. In other parts of the world people have to walk to get water.... How far could you walk? How often?]

Carrying water is a lot of work!

Would you like some help?

Let's look at other means of getting water from one place to another....

Water can be moved by capillary action too...
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/capillaryaction.html

media type="youtube" key="mdkeZbm0cCI?version=3" height="315" width="560"

Water can be moved by gravity
In some places water is resting in or on the ground, as lakes or rain barrels. If you find water resting in a place, how would you get it to you?

One way is to create a path from where to water is to where you want it to be.

A path could be...

a ditch, a water filled drainage trench, a canal -- something that is dug into the ground

or the path could be....

an aqueduct, a trough, a pipe -- something that is encircles the water and holds it above the ground (or can be buried into the ground0 [not liking this difference..... FIX THIS]

Let's build a water path.

DEMO [add materials and instructions]

take a water reservoir and connect it to another with pipe -- when the reservoirs are on the same level, can you get the water to move???

How can we get the water to move?

Try holding the first reservoir higher than the second. What happens?

The water moves because of the difference of heights and a force called **gravity.**

What do you know about gravity?

DEMO [add additional links and explorations HERE]

What happens when you vary the heights of the two different containers?

Is there a maximum height that the receiving reservoir can be?

Why is this??

[discuss water pressure??]

What happens when you are trying to move water across long distances?

In the 1900s, as Boston grew, there became more people with more buildings (with taller buildings, and in higher places!) -- all of them needed water! Let's look at the growth of Boston over time. And we'll get a sense of

DEMO Work with topographic maps Boston Massachusetts Raised Relief Map http://www.onlyglobes.com/Boston_Massachusetts_Raised_Relief_Map_p/nk194.htm

(2D and 3D -- hands on tracing of water system) **The Map Shack** **30 Hiltons Lane, Wells, Maine 04090** **Toll Free:** **1-800-617-6277 ** **1- ****800-617-MAPS (6277)**  **Maine: 207-646-0233** **Mass: 781-213-7989**  www.baldwinmapshack.com

DEMO Watershed

= Sandtastik® White Play Sand - 25 lbs. = http://www.discountschoolsupply.com/Product/ProductDetail.aspx?product=28719&keyword=Sandtastik%20White%20Play%20Sand%20-%2025%20lbs&scategoryid=0&CategorySearch=&Brand=&Price= Buckets, sand table, sand

http://www.cmschoolsupply.com/store/subcategory/63/sand-and-water-play

What have we learned about the shape of land around Boston?

What have we learned about how water flows over the land?

How could all those people in Boston get the water they needed? Would just gravity do the job?

Water can be moved by changes in atmospheric (air) pressure
Water can be moved through another (invisible) force: the changes in air pressure.

Let's look at how air pressure can work. Here's a demonstration that shows us how moving a plunger inside a tube (a cylinder) can create air pressure changes.

DEMO Feel the power of compressed air from PowerHouse Museum (Australia) [|Instructions & templates]
 * Marshmallow space face**

The marshmallow had air in it. By pushing on the plunger we compressed the air molecules and increased the air pressure in the tube. By pulling on the plunger we reduced the air pressure in the tube, and the air molecules moved into the extra space (the air pressure dropped, or became less). [This is a demonstration of Boyle's Law. See howStuffWorks http://science.howstuffworks.com/boyles-law-info.htm ]

Can we do the same with water?

Let's do a pretty easy experiment to see...

DEMO Get a glass or cup of water and a straw. Put the straw in the water. Suck up the water into your mouth. Swallow. Then suck more water into your straw, but don't swallow! Instead put a finger or your thumb over the top of the straw and take the straw out of the glass. Hold the straw near your face -- does the water flow out?

You're taller than the water glass -- how did that happen??

Water goes up the straw because air pressure -- the difference in air pressure in the straw, created by the suction vacuum when you used the straw, over came the force of gravity. Here's an explanation: http://www.sciencemadesimple.co.uk/page72g.html

More technically it's the difference of the air pressure in the straw and outside the straw.

Sucking on the straw creates a **vacuum.**
 * A vacuum is**

"Nature abhors [really hates] a vacuum." This means that if there is a place where there are no molecules [and no air pressure-- ????] molecules want to move in.

[Is this just reduced air pressure??]

DEMO Here's another way to create a difference of air pressure with the straw: http://www.explorationeducation.com/activities/Force/pressure.html Bernoulli’s principle explains another way in which the difference in air pressure can move water. See http://mitchellscience.com/bernoulli_principle_animation

We can move water with changes in air pressure.

Remember this -- it's going to be handy when we explain pumps!

Water can be moved by mechanical means (tool, human constructions)
So, we can build a piping system that uses gravity and creates water pressure to move water.

Or we can carry it ourselves.

Or we can get something to carry the water for us. We could put it in a bucket and walk it back and forth. We could get an animal to carry the bucket for us. We could create a machine to do the work for us....

A **machine** is


 * Work** is

How would you want to move water? Why?

Most of you answered, "Get some tools, use science, and build a machine to move the water!!" Okay, let's look at different mechanical ways water has been moved.

One early version of tool use to move water is an **Archimedes' Screw** -- a hand crank that lifts water from one place and takes it to another. Here are some pictures of Achimedes' Screws: http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Fluids/Archimedes_Screw/Archimedes_Screw.html

media type="youtube" key="A-xPRbj88V4?version=3" height="315" width="420"

http://youtu.be/A-xPRbj88V4

How stuff Works Archimedes Screw http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/30585-what-the-ancients-knew-the-archimedes-screw-video.htm

[NOTE-- Simple Machines connection -- include plane and spiral : http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/hardware/archimedes-screw]

And some more info, plus instructions for build it yourself: http://explorable.com/archimedes-screw

Another version is a **water wheel.** The water wheel uses the power provided by the moving water source (usually a river, or a canal) to both fill and move the troughs on the wheel...

[Discuss hydropower??]

But won't this take a while? What if you have a lot of water to move over long distances and different heights?

Let's try something different: a **pump.**

How Pumps Work
A pump is "A mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects such as tires."

[Google search for "pump, definition" http://www.google.com/search?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=&q=pump&btnG=Google+Search#hl=en&sugexp=les%3Bcqrwrth&gs_nf=1&pq=pump&cp=8&gs_id=19&xhr=t&q=pump+definition&pf=p&safe=active&sclient=psy-ab&oq=pump+def&gs_l=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=b3a90605bc897089&biw=1013&bih=534 8/23/12 ]

A bicycle pump is a basic pump. It is a plunger in a cylinder. When you pull on the handle at the top of the plunger, the air pressure in the cylinder changes. In fact, the pressure inside the cylinder becomes less than outside the cylinder (tube). Remember how "nature abhors a vacuum"? It's true -- sort of!We don't have a "vacuum" we have a difference in air pressure. The air molecules outside the tube move inside the tube -- from the higher air pressure area to the lower air pressure area. When you push on the handle (of the plunger in a tube, aka "the bike pump"), you compress the air molecules in the now smaller space. This forces the air out the available opening.

DEMO Hands on with bike pump or similiar device

We can do the same to liquid water by changing the air pressure (as liquids don't compress as they need somewhere to go!). There are water toys that do the same thing. Let's try one...

DEMO Mr. Fish (pool tool) piston pump with water

We've created **water pressure** by using air pressure changes.

How can we use this amazing knowledge to move water from one place to another?

Let's build a water pump. It will move water for us!

What makes a pump?
Water pumps -- even huge steam-powered reciprocating triple expansion engine ones (!) -- have basic principles at their core.

Pumps have 3 parts: 1) A plunger or a piston to move the water 2) A piston responding to the power source 3) A power source to make the pump work ["a source of force"]

The Plunger
If you'd ever had to unclog a drain (or clogged a drain and watched someone else fix it), you've seen a plumber's plunger. (Say that five times fast!). This plunger works on the same principles as the bike pump, or a large complex steam-powered water pumping engine.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plunger_250x410.jpg

The suction of the plunger changes the air pressure inside the pipe (the cylinder) by changing the air pressure above the clog so that (hopefully!) the difference in the air pressure below the clog and above means that the clog will be moved, too.

So, we could pump water by hand using a plunger. Will that take a while?

Let's try a hand pump instead.

If you've been in the country or on a farm you may seen a hand pump that moves water from an underground well. The well's water is groundwater and the well has connected to the water table. The pump (either with a plunger or a piston) changes the pressure in the well so that a column of water forms in the chamber (remember our gravity flow experiments!). XXXX

DEMO child toy hand pump

DEMO soap bottle pump

So we can get water into a chamber and force it to go somewhere. Why doesn't it go back the way it came?? Because of something wonderful called a **valve**.

Let's look at valves.

A Few Words about Valves

 * Valves** are an important part of our pumps. In all of our diagrams, you see them.

What's a valve. A **valve** is

As another museum explains it, "valves are like bathtub stoppers" (this is the PowerHouse Museum in Australia, see link below). (Valves are like sink stoppers too!)

The valve in a pump or a steam engine opens or closes to either let water or steam flow out or in. Usually they come in sets [pairs?] As the water or steam pushes one valve open, the pressure of that liquid/vapor pushes the other valve closed. The size of the valve can be set [???] so that there is a maximum range of movement. These valves limit (regulate) how much goes through the overall pump.

DEMO

Let's create some valves in a straw and then in a home-made pump.

Our Valves can be marbles, or bits of rubber (from balloon), or other things.

[use Bernie Zubrowski's demos here]

Instead of being plugs, they are plates. These plates are attached to arms connected to the rest of the engine. The plates will swing open and shut. They do this in response to the speed [???] of the machine.
 * Corliss valves** are really cool valves that were an improvement on steam engines. (They're on ours!)

Once we moved water into a chamber how do we send it to another place? By changing the pressure in each of the chambers to direct the flow of water.

How do we get more water to repeat the cycle and create a water flow? We use the power of the pumps! And we use pistons to power the pumps!

Let's learn about pistons and how to steam powered engines can work them to work water pumps....

The steam engines use pistons.


Schematic of a piston and a plunger pump. This schematic is made for quick and easy comparison of both types. 27 May 2010 KVDP, Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piston_VS_Plunger_Pump.png

The Piston
Basically here we're talking about how the work of pumping gets done.

The piston moves the plunger pump through a connection. The piston is the part of the steam engine that moves as a result of the steam -- the energy created by the steam is changed into **force** by the piston and other parts of the machine. [Thus is becomes an **engine**.]

Much like a plunger or a piston in a pump, the piston in the steam engine moves back and forth. It is responding to changes in air pressure created by the steam. Unlike the pump piston, however, the water vapor of the steam is there to move the piston, not pump water.

DEMO hand pump Mr. Fish Your arm is the piston-- you are the source of force.

A Source of Force
Energy to move the plunger and the piston can come from a variety of sources.

It can be by hand. With the bicycle pump, you are are source of force and your arm is the piston moving the plunger.

It can be by animal, like with this historic pump

It can be from something already in the environment, like with this waterwheel or with this windmill [NB-- discuss windturbines--??]

Or it can use another form of energy, like coal, electric, gas/petroleum, or nuclear.

For our pumps, we want to think about a power source that became popular in the 18th and 19th c -- and changed the world: STEAM.

[sidebar Industrial Revolution]

Steam can be used to provide power by

DEMO Steam moving object [be very very careful!]

DEMO Steam creating a vacuum (Imploding can)


 * Condenser**

Steam boiler

Expansion Engines moving Pistons back to Boyle's Law!

Thus our pumps combine water plunger pumps with steam engine pistons to create a machine that can pump a lot of water uphill on its own without a lot of help/work by people. Pretty cool!

Here's a review of Water Pumps: DEMO David McCauley's //The Way Things Work// video on Pumps.

C. Historical Significance of Steam Powered Engines: **The Industrial Revolution**​
The use of steam was a really important part of world history. Steam engines made it possible for people to have machines do work for them. Steam engines revolutionized (really changed) many things in the world, from how fabric for clothing was made to how people go from one place to another to how people lived and worked, and more. This is why development of the steam engine and how the world changed as a result of this invention the Industrial Revolution.

Steam Engines -- A Really Cool Source of Force
Here's a historical survey of important developments of steam engines, especially as power sources for waterworks pumps, over time.

Boulton and Watt engine

Animation from the PowerHouse Museum (Sydney, Australia) http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/exhibitions/boulton&watt_animation.php Explanation of Boulton and Watt engine from PowerHouse Museum http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/exhibitions/boulton&watt.php Steam Revolution Exhibit slideshow http://www.slideshare.net/powerhousemuseum/steam-revolution-previsit-exhibition-slideshow

Allis Engine

media type="youtube" key="VsjV3a2xw-Y?version=3" height="480" width="640"

http://youtu.be/VsjV3a2xw-Y

Published on Jul 13, 2012 by [|jpmagg3] Informational display video of the Allis triple-expansion steam engine/water pump system located in the Chestnut Hill Museum. This version is fairly low-res; the full-sized version runs in the museum at 1280x1020 dpi. 3D model and animation by John P. Maggard, @http://scotthull.com/

A few words about why the Leavitt Engine is SO AWESOME!
DEMO Joints -- move your finger straight up and down, then bent it and move it at an angle. Which is harder?

DEMO PUMP in a BOX

Leavitt Engine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kzcEAG5TZ4&feature=share&list=UL2kzcEAG5TZ4

Published on Jul 5, 2012 by [|jpmagg3] Informational display video of the Leavitt triple-expansion steam engine/water pump system located in the Chestnut Hill Museum. This version is fairly low-res; the full-sized version runs in the museum at 1280x1020 dpi. 3D model and animation by John P. Maggard, @http://scotthull.com/



[|Steam Machine]
Explore //NOVA// Online's interactive steam engine and discover how this machine can convert heat to mechanical energy.

(or, why the MetroWest tunnel removed the need for the pumping station....)
DEMO Water pressure in a bottle http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/cub_dams/cub_dams_lesson03_activity1.xml

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/Chemmagicbottle.htm

[NB-- need more facts about the sizing and force of the tunnel, as well as historical shift]

Sidebar: Fun with Hydraulics! Or, Making Water Work for You!
DEMO -- making a pump with a balloon to move a book

DEMOS
Ask all Facilitators to provide their best analogies and fantasy hands on demonstrations!! Use these to create additional demos.

RESOURCES
http://www.pumped101.com/
 * Pump Ed 101**

Pump School http://www.pumpschool.com/index.asp

Magic of Water http://www.reec.nsw.edu.au/k6/page/wa0.htm USGS Water Science School http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/

Drexel University Archimedes Screw info https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Screw/SourcesScrew.html

Hippo Water Roller Project http://www.hipporoller.org/ The Aquaduct http://www.treehugger.com/cars/a-bicycle-that-creates-clean-air-and-clean-water.html

NY Times Urban water lessons http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/nyregion/queens-students-get-water-lessons-by-designing-playground.html

Dictionary.com "Pump" apparatus ormachineforraising,driving,exhausting,or compressingfluids orgasesbymeansofapiston,plunger,or[|set] ofrotating vanes.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pump

Wikipedia "Water" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water Wikipedia "Pump" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum

Floating Classsom "Don't Pressure Me" air and water pressure demostrations http://floatingclassroom.tamu.edu/classmaterials/pressure.html

model rocket discussion string on homemade pumps http://www.wra2.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=1093&view=next

Crossness Pumping Station at east London ( @http://www.crossness.org.uk/) YOuTube video http://youtu.be/Zlp1aG1VJRI How It Works: Corliss Valve Gear of Crossness Steam Engines http://youtu.be/m3QvNTWUOds

media type="youtube" key="m3QvNTWUOds?version=3" height="315" width="560"

PowerHouse Museum Kids Play


 * Desert garden**

Grow this hardy desert garden with cacti and succulents, and watch it thrive with little water. [|Instructions & templates]

Physics Demos

Nebraska Science -- Imploding Can -- use this to show changes of state -- how cooling water --condenser -- works http://www.theteachersguide.com/Sciencedemos1.htm

http://www.wfu.edu/physics/demolabs/demos/avimov/bychptr/chptr4_matter.htm

Peep int he Big Wide World -- Water Activities www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/guide/pdf/peep-guide-water.pdf

//Pump// It Up -- childrens playspace Peabody MA http://www.pumpitupparty.com/locator-main.aspx

pumps around the world
http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/peopleplaces/playpumps/
 * PlayPumps**


 * Businesses**

http://www.pumptraining.com/
 * Flowserve**

[|Water //Pump Education// and Training Services in the World]
energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byP/water/w**Pump**/.../edu.shtml

[|Pipe Flow Energy]
March 5th, 2012 Windows free The Pipe Flow Energy software estimates the energy used in a pumping system when selecting different pipe sizes.

EnergyPlus for Windows by US Department of Energy(free)-- "EnergyPlus is a whole building energy simulation program that engineers, architects, and researchers use to model energy and water use in buildings."

= Simple Water Pump from a Straw - science experiment Crazy Russian= media type="custom" key="23439618"

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K73Vf4JLndY